The new PL-12 active guided air-launched anti-aircraft missile uses the radar and data link from Russia's very capable Vympel R-77, combined with a Chinese missile motor. Some sources claim the resulting combination has a greater range than the Russian missile, and a fire-and-forget active guidance (from R-77) capability comparable to the modern U.S. AIM-120 AMRAAM.
The PL-12 is outwardly very similar to the US-designed AIM-120 AMRAAM. The two share a comparable aerodynamic configuration, although the PL-12 is a little longer, wider and heavier than the AMRAAM. The PL-12 has four rear-mounted control fins that each have a very distinctive notch cut into their base. These fins are longer and more prominent than those of the AMRAAM and are cropped at an angle (rather than in line with the missile body). Four larger triangular fins are fixed to the mid-section of the missile. Internally, the leading edge of the centrebody fins is in line with the start of the missile's rocket motor. That motor is a variable-thrust solid rocket booster, that offers two levels of motive power for different sections of the flight envelope link building service.
CATIC is known to be developing X-band and Ku-band active radar seekers, which may be intended for the PL-12. However the latest reports confirm that China has been co-operating closely with Russia's AGAT Research Institute, based in Moscow, and that AGAT is the source of the PL-12's essential active seeker. This joint development effort (perhaps with the name 'Project 129') has reportedly seen the supply of AGAT's 9B-1348 active-radar seeker (developed for the Vympel R-77, AA-12 'Adder') to China for integration with the Chinese-developed missile. Alternatively, technology from AGAT's 9B-1103M seeker family may be offered to China. Russia is also the source for the missile's inertial navigation system and datalink.
The PL-12 has four engagement modes. To take the greatest advantage of its maximum range it will use a mix of command guidance (via a datalink) plus its own inertial guidance before entering the active radar terminal guidance phase. The missile can also be launched to a pre-selected point, using its strap-down inertial system, before switching on its own seeker for a terminal search. Over short ranges the missile can be launched in a 'fire-and-forget' mode using its own active seeker from the outset. Finally, the PL-12 has a 'home-on-jam' mode that allows it to passively track and engage an emitting target, without ever using its own active radar or a radar from the launch aircraft. This capability is the foundation on which the capability of anti-radiation missile is developed. The seeker is connected to a digital flight control system that uses signal processing techniques to track a target. The missile's warhead is linked to a laser proximity fuse.
The PL-12 is claimed to have an operational ceiling of at least 21 km, with a maximum effective range of 100 km and a minimum engagement range of 1,000 m. The missile has a 38+ g manoeuvering limit and, according to CATIC, it has been tested for a 100-hour captive 'live flight' life. According to Chinese claims, PL-12 is more capable than the American AIM-120 A/B, but slightly inferior than the AIM-120C.
The PL-12 can be deployed by the Chengdu J-10, Shenyang J-8F, Shenyang J-11 and JF-17 combat aircraft.
Three new variants of the PL-12 have been unveiled with newer ones in development:
- PL-12B: with improved guidance system
- PL-12C: with foldable tailfins for internal carriage on 5th-generation fighters
- PL-12D: with a belly inlet and ramjet engine for even longer range attacks, similar to the PL-21
| PL-12 SD-10 | |
|---|---|
| Type | Air-to-air missile Surface-to-air missile |
| Place of origin |  People's Republic of China |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2007 |
| Used by | People's Liberation Army Air Force People's Liberation Army Ground Force People's Liberation Army Navy Pakistan Air Force |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | CATIC |
| Unit cost | $84,000 USD |
| Produced | 2002 |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 438 lbs (199 kg) |
| Length | 12.89 ft (3.93 m) |
| Diameter | 203 mm (8 in) |
| | |
| Warhead | High explosive fragmentation warhead |
| Detonation mechanism | Proximity fuse |
| | |
| Engine | Solid fuel dual-thrust rocket motor |
| Wingspan | 670 mm |
| Propellant | Solid fuel |
| Operational range | 100+ km |
| Flight ceiling | 21 km |
| Flight altitude | 0-21 km |
| Speed | Mach 4 |
| Guidance system | Inertial / Data-link (mid-course) Active radar homing (terminal phase) |
| Launch platform | Shenyang J-15 J-11B / J-11BS / J-11BH / J-11BSH J-10A / J-10S / J-10B J-8II JF-17 Type 054, Type 054A frigates |
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